Depression might be associated with accelerated cellular aging. However, does this result in an irreversible state or is the body able to slow down or recover from such a process? Telomeres are DNA‐protein complexes that protect the ends of chromosomes and generally shorten with age; and therefore index cellular aging. The majority of studies indicate that persons with depression have shorter leukocyte telomeres than similarly aged non‐depressed persons, which may contribute to the observed unfavorable somatic health outcomes in the depressed (...) population. Some small‐scale preliminary studies raise the possibility that behavioral or pharmacological interventions may either slow down or else reverse this accelerated telomere shortening, possibly through increasing the activity of the telomere‐lengthening enzyme telomerase. This paper covers the current state of evidence in the relationship between depression and the telomere‐telomerase system and debates whether depression‐related cellular aging should be considered a reversible process or permanent damage. (shrink)

Marsilio Ficino’s fame as a translator, not least due to his contributions to theology and the development of hermeticism, has already been established by Frances Yates and debated by Wouter Hanegraaff. For each of his translations of Greek texts, Ficino wrote a preface to guide and to manipulate the reader. This paper presents an analysis of the auctoritas in the paratext of the Corpus Hermeticum, analyzing it as a rhetorical device used by Ficino to express his ideas, particularly the role (...) of Hermes Trismegistus. Ficino used his rhetorical skill not only to translate from Greek to Latin but also to support his theories in commentaries, letters, or, in this case, prefaces. (shrink)

Progressive supranuclear palsy is a movement disorder with prominent tau neuropathology. Brain diseases with abnormal tau deposits are called tauopathies, the most common of which is Alzheimer's disease. Environmental causes of tauopathies include repetitive head trauma associated with some sports. To identify common genetic variation contributing to risk for tauopathies, we carried out a genome-wide association study of 1,114 individuals with PSP and 3,247 controls followed by a second stage in which we genotyped 1,051 cases and 3,560 controls for the (...) stage 1 SNPs that yielded P ≤ 10-3. We found significant previously unidentified signals associated with PSP risk at STX6, EIF2AK3 and MOBP. We confirmed two independent variants in MAPT affecting risk for PSP, one of which influences MAPT brain expression. The genes implicated encode proteins for vesicle-membrane fusion at the Golgi-endosomal interface, for the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response and for a myelin structural component. © 2011 Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved. (shrink)

Attemts to explain causal paradoxes of Quantum Mechanics (QM) have tried to solve the problems within the framework of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED). We will show, that this is impossible. The original theory of QED by Dirac (Proc Roy Soc A117:610, 1928) formulated in its preamble four preliminary requirements that the new theory should meet. The first of these requirements was that the theory must be causal. Causality is not to be derived as a consequence of the theory since it was (...) a precondition for the formulation of the theory; it has been constructed so that it be causal. Therefore, causal paradoxes logically cannot be explained within the framework of QED. To transcend this problem we should consider the following points: Dirac himself stated in his original paper (1928) that his theory was only an approximation. When he returned to improve the theory later (Proc Roy Soc A209, 1951), he noted that the new theory “involves only the ratio e / m , not e and m separately”. This is a sign that although the electromagnetic effects (whose source is e ) are magnitudes stronger than the gravitational effects (whose source is m ), the two are coupled. Already in 1919, Einstein noted that “the elementary formations which go to make up the atom” are influenced by gravitational forces. Although in that form the statement proved not to be exactly correct, the effects of gravitation on QM phenomena have been established. The conclusion is that we should seek a resolution for the causal paradoxes in the framework of the General Theory of Relativity (GTR)—in contrast to QED, which involves only the Special Theory of Relativity (STR). We show that causality is necessarily violated in GTR. This follows from the curvature of the space-time. Although those effects are very small, one cannot ignore their influence in the case of the so-called “paradox phenomena”. (shrink)

O presente trabalho adota como ponto de partida a crítica do Esclarecimento (Aufklärung) realizada por Adorno e Horkheimer e investiga a hipótese desenvolvida pelo primeiro de uma concepção de educação como superação da barbárie. O artigo discute a fundamentação de noção adorniana de barbárie na teoria freudiana da cultura. Em particular, a hipótese de que a civilização origina e fortalece progressivamente o que é anticivilizatório, procurando distinguir a relação dialética entre determinados processos de socialização e certas formas de objetificação do (...) sujeito caracterizadoras dos fenômenos de reificação. Em seguida, tomando a racionalidade instrumental do esclarecimento como mecanismo de objetificação do sujeito na sociedade capitalista moderna, o artigo discorre sobre o conceito de reificação em György Lukács, sua relação com a crítica do Esclarecimento em Adorno e Horkheimer e a proposta elaborada por Axel Honneth de atualização desse conceito, a partir da teoria do reconhecimento. Palavras-chave: Theodor Adorno; Axel Honneth; esclarecimento; barbárie; reificação Education as overcoming barbarism: enlightenment and reification in Lukács, Adorno and Honneth Abstract: The present paper takes as its starting point the critique of the Enlightenment (Aufklärung) made by Adorno and Horkheimer and investigates the hypothesis developed by first of a conception of education to overcome barbarism. The paper discusses the foundations of the Adornian notion of barbarism in Freud's theory of culture. In particular, the hypothesis that civilization originates and progressively strengthens what is anti-civilizing, seeking to distinguish the dialectical relationship between socialization processes and certain forms of objectification of the subject that characterize the phenomena of reification. Then, taking the instrumental rationality of the Enlightenment as a mechanism for objectifying the subject in modern capitalist society, the article discusses the concept of reification in György Lukács, its relationship with the criticism of the Enlightenment in Adorno and Horkheimer and updating proposal of this concept by Axel Honneth, from the recognition theory. Key words: Theodor Adorno; Axel Honneth; enlightenment; barbarism; reification La educación como superación de la barbarie: clarificación y cosificación en Lukács, Adorno y Honneth Resumen: El presente trabajo adopta como punto de partida la crítica de la Ilustración (Aufklärung) realizada por Adorno y Horkheimer e investiga la hipótesis desarrollada por el primero de una concepción de educación como superación de la barbarie. El artículo discute la fundamentación del concepto adorniano de barbarie en la teoría freudiana de la cultura. En particular, la hipótesis de que la civilización origina y fortalece progresivamente lo anticivilizatorio, buscando distinguir la relación dialéctica entre determinados procesos de socialización y ciertas maneras de objetivación del sujeto que caracterizan los fenómenos de reificación. A continuación, tomando la racionalidad instrumental de la ilustración como mecanismo de objetificación del sujeto en la sociedad capitalista moderna, el artículo discute el concepto de reificación en György Lukács, su relación con la crítica de la Ilustración en Adorno y Horkheimer y la propuesta elaborada por Axel Honneth de actualización de este concepto, a partir de la teoría del reconocimiento. Palabras llave: Theodor Adorno; Axel Honneth; ilustración; barbarie; cosificación Data de registro: 10/11/2021 Data de aceite: 17/05/2022. (shrink)

Culture and Enlightenment are the two words that best characterise the essence of György Markus's career, in whose honour this book is published. Markus devoted the last twenty years of research towards a theory of cultural objectivations and their pragmatics, and the great depth of his knowledge of the history of culture and philosophy informs all his teaching and writing. The pursuit of Enlightenment ideals attains reflective self-consciousness in Markus' works; forged in the knowledge of its own historicity, of the (...) embeddedness of rationalities in culture and in an awareness of the paradoxes that cling to the conscious affirmation of ideals which are no longer self evident or beyond questioning. In taking up the challenge of these paradoxes, Markus spans the whole history of modern philosophy and culture with a matchless authority.This book draws together contributions from leading figures in contemporary philosophy, who are also friends, colleagues and former students of György Markus. The book is divided into two sections: the first presents critical assessments of various aspects of Markus' wide-ranging works; the second presents contributions in celebration of his influence and his wide interests. In their critical assessment of Markus' work and in the demonstration of his influence, the contributors hope to convey something of the breadth and something of the excitement of doing philosophy in the company of György Markus. (shrink)

Buscamos aqui revisitar a leitura de Gyorgy Lukács em História e Consciência de Classe sobre a questão da ação humana. Tendo a história como ponto culminante onde se resolve a relação sujeito-objeto, Lukács propõe uma epistemologia dialética em que o sujeito interfere no conteúdo do real. A problemática central consiste em teorizar a gênese, a geração do novo. A gênese tem sua determinação concreta na contradição da luta de classes. Isso resultará num novo conceito de sujeito. O indivíduo, isoladamente, é (...) incapaz de realizar a gênese. O sujeito da práxis, destarte, não pode ser livre atuando sozinho, mas deve encontrar o fundamento da liberdade na classe social, real sujeito da gênese histórica. We seek here to revisit Gyorgy Lukács' reading in History and Class Conscousness about the question on the human action. Taking at hand history as the culminating point where the relation subject-object is resolved, Lukács proposes a dialectical epistemology in which the subject interferes in the content of reality. The central problematic consists in theorizing the genesis, the genesis of the new. This results in a new concept of subject. The individual isolated is incapable of achieving the genesis. The subject of praxis cannot therefore be free acting alone, but he must find the fundament of freedom in the social class, the real subject of historical genesis. (shrink)

According to the subtitle of this anthology, the essays are intended to discuss and explore "the cohesive and disjunctive forces" existing between C. P. Snow's infamous "two cultures" of science and the humanities. As in all the colloquia on this subject, there tends to be a mishmash of problems in definition, with Snow's relatively simple and straightforward contrast lost in the shuffle of terms. The fact that in this volume no one agrees upon what science is tends to limit its (...) ability to solve Snow's problem, but, on the other hand, it offers many ruminations on the various meanings of science. Gyorgy Kepes, for instance, thinks of science mainly as a set of technologically sophisticated instruments and advocates that technicians and visual artists collaborate on the design of "light shows" and other flashy works of modern art, especially the design and execution of environmental art. Harry Levin, the well-known scholar of comparative literature, thinks that the division of intellectual activities into "scientific" and "cultural" might be better replaced with dividing scholars into "generalists" and "specialists," arguing that the human community needs a balanced representation of both camps. Talcott Parsons advocates the incorporation of scientific methods into traditionally humanistic considerations, proposing that social science is the logical amalgam of the two cultures. Parsons, by the way, is more commendable for practicing what he preaches than some of his colleagues in the social sciences, particularly Oscar Handlin, also represented in this volume. Altogether, sixteen points of view are included in the symposium, most filled with sonorous language and unsupported generalizations about matters of historical and current fact, but all of them literate and filled with challenging philosophical puzzles.—E. H. W. (shrink)

The tragic death in Tolstoy's writings has helped both Max Weber and György Lukács in characterizing the modern pathos as a tragic contemplation of the emptiness of life. Through Tolstoy's readings, Weber and Lukács found an interesting source of denying arts and modern sciences autonomy, considering, from the aesthetics sphere, the meaningless of this new immanent reality. Both has assumed Tolstoy main theme from the same perspective, contrasting ancient and modern worldviews. Max Weber presented this theme in his disenchantment of (...) world theory and Lukács, in a very similar way, following the paradox of religious needing as a mainline. -/- O tema da morte trágica, presente nos escritos de Liev Tolstói, auxiliou tanto a Max Weber como a György Lukács a caracterizarem o pathos moderno de pressentimento da morte como uma contemplação do vazio. Weber e Lukács encontraram, através das leituras de Tolstói, uma interessante maneira de questionar a autonomia da arte e da ciência moderna, considerando pela esfera estética, como se mostra sem sentido a recente realidade imanente. Ambos assumiram o tema central das obras de Tolstói segundo uma mesma imagem, derivada do contraste entre o mundo antigo e o moderno. Max Weber adequou esse tema a sua teoria do desencantamento do mundo e Lukács, de modo muito semelhante, seguindo seu conceito do paradoxo da necessidade religiosa. (shrink)

A estética de Hegel significa, no campo da filosofia da arte, o ápice do pensamento burguês, das tradições burguesas progressistas. Os conhecidos aspectos positivos do pensamento hegeliano e seu modo de escrever se manifestam com mais clareza neste trabalho; a universalidade de seu conhecimento, seu profundo e fino senso pelas peculiaridades e contradições do desenvolvimento histórico, a conexão dialética dos problemas históricos com as questões teóricas e sistemáticas das legalidades objetivas universais: todos esses traços positivos da filosofia hegegeliana aparecem mais (...) claros em sua estética. Os clássicos do marxismo mantinham particularmente grande apreço por esse trabalho. (shrink)

Resumo: Tomando o pensamento lukacsiano, podemos afirmar que as distorções que se apresentam no trabalho refletem diretamente nos atos reprodutivos do homem, na sua sociabilidade. Portanto, todas as categorias da superestrutura ficam comprometidas, inclusive a educação, visto que o espelhamento da realidade estará fundamentado na exploração promovida pelo capital. Partindo dessas considerações o presente artigo objetiva mostrar como o duplo aspecto da reprodução também se reflete na educação. Para tanto tomamos o pensamento do filósofo György Lukács, a partir da sua (...) obra Ontologia do Ser Social, demonstrando ainda que essa dupla face pode ser relacionada à tematização de Saviani em relação às Teorias Não-Críticas, Teorias Crítico-Reprodutivistas e à Pedagogia Histórico-Crítica. Em nossas conclusões afirmamos que a educação no sentido omnilateral, correspondente à face positiva da reprodução, sendo uma das alternativas viáveis para a mudança do estado atual de coisas. Palavras-chave: Trabalho; Reprodução; Educação. The double aspect of reproduction and its influence on education: Taking lukacsian thought, we can say that the distortions that appear at work reflect directly on the reproductive acts of man, on his sociability. Therefore, all categories of the superstructure are compromised, including the education, since the mirroring of reality will be based on the exploration promoted by capital. From these considerations the present article aims to show how the double aspect of reproduction is also reflected in education. For this we take the thought of the philosopher György Lukács, from his work Ontology of the Social Being, further demonstrating that this double face can be related to Saviani's thematization in relation to Non-Critical Theories, Critical-Reproductive Theories and Pedagogy Historical-Criticism. In our conclusions we affirm state that education in the omnilateral sense, corresponding to the positive face of reproduction, is one of the viable alternatives for changing the current state of things. Key-words: Work; Reproduction; Education. Le double aspect de la reproduction et son influence en education Résumé: Selon la pensée lukacsienne, nous pouvons affirmer que les distorsions existantes dans le travail influent directement sur les actes de reproduction de l’homme, sur sa sociabilité. Par conséquent, toutes les catégories de la superstructure sont compromises, notamment l’éducation, puisque le reflet de la réalité sera fondé sur l’exploitation promue par le capital. A partir de ces considérations, le présent article cherche à montrer comment le double aspect de la reproduction se reflète également en éducation. Pour ce faire, nous nous référons à la pensée du philosophe György Lukács, dans son œuvre L’ontologie de l’être social, en démontrant de même que cette double face peut être mise en relation avec la conceptualisation de Saviani, à propos des Théories non critiques, des Théories reproductivistes critiques et de sa Pédagogie historique-critique. Nous affirmons, pour conclure, que l’éducation en un sens omnilatéral correspond à la face positive de la reproduction, ce qui en fait une des alternatives viables en vue du changement de l’état actuel des choses. Mots clés: Travail; Reproduction; Education. Data de registro: 07/09/2021 Data de aceite: 19/01/2022. (shrink)

O presente artigo investiga como A teoria do romance (1916) de G.Lukács, um texto fragmentado e de ocasião, tornou-se um clássico da reflexão sobre a modernidade. Para Lukács, o romance é a forma artística que corresponde à fratura entre o sujeito e o mundo, vivida pelo homem contemporâneo. Utilizando o conceito de “símbolo esvaziado” este texto apreende em que medida o autor ao rever as classificações anteriores sobre o gênero romance, perpetua a tradição romântica ou rompe com ela, elaborando conceitos (...) originais para a compreensão da modernidade na literatura. (shrink)

A partire dagli anni '60, György Lukács intraprende una ricerca volta a recuperare e sviluppare l'ontologia sociale racchiusa negli scritti di Marx nel tentativo di rinnovare la riflessione marxista dopo l'effetto inibitorio provocato dallo Stalinismo. Lo scopo di questo articolo è di indagare la concezione lukácsiana dell'ideologia come funzione sociale, mettendola in relazione con il regime di complessità descritto da Lukács nella sua ultima opera, Ontologia dell'essere sociale. Recuperando il riferimento goethiano implicito nell'idea di lavoro come “fenomeno originario” dell'azione sociale, (...) tenteremo di riconcettualizzare la teoria del rispecchiamento adottata nell'Ontologia al fine di mostrare il ruolo che viene ad assumere l'ideologia all'interno di una società volta alla produzione del futuro. (shrink)

A partir da leitura de Os sofrimentos do jovem Werther, com base nos artigos de György Lukács e Miguel Vedda sobre esse romance de Goethe, e considerando o conjunto da obra de maturidade de Machado de Assis, quando o narrador assume a condução da narrativa guiando-a no ritmo frívolo e volúvel do capricho de classe, pretende-se investigar, neste texto, de que maneira a composição satírica de um narrador não confiável estabelece conexões entre esses dois escritores que deram forma sensível à (...) alienação de uma “consciência infeliz”. (shrink)

RESUMO: A relação entre arte e filosofia é examinada com base na noção de Stimmung, que surge no século XVIII, na teoria musical, como relação de proporção entre tons ou instrumentos, sendo, em seguida, transposta para a estética, no final do século, com Kant e Fichte. Em Kant, a Stimmung refere-se à disposição das faculdades de conhecimento para um conhecimento em geral, isto é, como o pressuposto da apresentação estética, por meio da qual se preserva a noção de proporção entre (...) as faculdades. Em Sobre o espírito e a letra na filosofia, Fichte assinala que a disposição estética é o modo de atuar do impulso estético, ligado livremente e diretamente à faculdade da imaginação e à atividade de criação. Essa tradição estética é revista pelo historiador Aloïs Riegl, em 1899, no ensaio intitulado Die Stimmung als Inhalt der moderne Kunst, no qual o conceito de Stimmung é pela primeira vez apresentado em chave histórica, enquanto conteúdo da arte moderna, no sentido de atmosfera, isto é, da vivência de uma relação por meio da qual a consciência, em conformidade com a lei imanente, adquire alguma certeza. Revisão semelhante foi realizada pelo jovem filósofo György Lukács, em A alma e as formas, de 1910, na qual o autor pensa as diferenças de sentido entre as noções de Stimmung e de atmosfera. ABSTRACT: The relationship between art and philosophy is examined based on the notion of Stimmung, which appears in eighteenth-century music theory as a proportional relationship between tones or instruments; it was then incorporated into aesthetics at the end of the century in the works of Kant and Fichte. In Kant's works, Stimmung refers to the capacity of the faculties of knowledge for knowledge in general, that is, as a presupposition of aesthetic presentation through which the notion of proportion between the faculties is preserved. In his On the Spirit and the Letter in Philosophy, Fichte points out that the aesthetic disposition is the mode by which the aesthetic impulse acts out, connected freely and directly to the faculty of imagination and to the activity of creation. This aesthetic tradition is revisited by the historian Alois Riegl in 1899 in the essay Die Stimmung als Inhalt der moderne Kunst, where the concept of Stimmung is first presented from historical perspective as content of modern art in the sense of atmosphere, i.e., the experience of a relationship by which awareness, in accordance with immanent law, acquires certainty. A similar review was done by the young philosopher György Lukács in 1910 in Soul and Form, where the author conceptualizes the differences in meaning between the notions of Stimmung and Atmosphäre. (shrink)

O presente estudo parte da compreensão de que a sexualidade é uma dimensão de grande importância na constituição educacional da personalidade e na emancipação humana, e visa levantar possibilidades de compreendê-la a partir do pensamento ontológico de György Lukács. Para tal, apresenta e articula os conceitos de ontologia, ser social e trabalho, discute o lugar da subjetividade no ser social, e propõe uma reflexão sobre a sexualidade como dimensão que, mesmo originária de uma pré-disposição biológica, se reveste de sentido social (...) e se faz central no processo de constituição da sociedade. This study is based on the understanding that sexuality is a very important dimension in the educational constitution of personality and in human emancipation, and intends to raise possibilities of comprehending it from the point of view of György Lukács´ onthological thinking. It therefore introduces and articulates the concepts of ontology, social being and work, discusses the room for subjectivity in the social being, and proposes a reflection about sexuality as a socially meaningful dimension, which is central for the constitution of society, even though originating from a biological predisposition. (shrink)

A partir de 1922, Siegfried Kracauer escreveu uma série de textos que comporiam o livro O romance policial: um tratado filosófico, mas que só seriam publicados em 1971, no primeiro volume de seus Escritos póstumos. O presente artigo tem como objetivo reconstituir a teoria do romance policial formulada por Kracauer, buscando analisar como essa teoria foi fundamentada e quais eram suas principais definições. Inicialmente, o intuito é localizar essa teoria dentro do pensamento mais geral do autor, relacionando-a a sua produção (...) anterior e, principalmente, posterior. Em um segundo momento, tentaremos dimensionar a interlocução estabelecida entre Kracauer e autores do chamado marxismo ocidental, como György Lukács, Walter Benjamin, Theodor Adorno entre outros. (shrink)

O presente trabalho insere-se na temática da filosofia do direito. Tem por objetivo propor elementos para contribuir com o repensar do direito a partir da metodologia dialética de pesquisa bibliográfica. Tendo como base, por um lado as reflexões filosóficas atinentes ao conceito de direito e de democracia, bem como suas interações recíprocas propostas por Jürgen Habermas. Perfaz-se, por outro lado, um cotejo com a análise materialista dialética que afirma a contribuição do direito para a continuidade e existência do sistema econômico, (...) realizada pelo filósofo György Lukács. (shrink)

Este artigo é uma pesquisa bibliográfica centrada na análise de cinco textos do marxista húngaro György Lukács cujo objetivo era compreender melhor como esse autor caracteriza o complexo da educação em sua teoria. As obras selecionadas para o estudo foram o capítulo A reprodução do livro Para uma ontologia do ser social 2, além de quatro ensaios dispersos em outras obras: O Poema pedagógico de Makarenko, Os anos de aprendizado de Wilhelm Meister, Lenin e os problemas de transição e Gottfried (...) Keller. Expõe-se que Lukács não compreende a educação em sentido estrito como limitada à sociedade capitalista, mas como universal, por se caracterizar como uma práxis intencional que pode ocorrer em diversos âmbitos da sociedade. Tal resultado aponta para uma interpretação da educação em Lukács menos limitada à crítica de função reprodutora e, portanto, abrindo maiores possibilidades de conexão entre a teoria lukacsiana e a luta revolucionária. (shrink)

Nell’intervista concessa nell’ottobre 1969 al regista e suo ex-allievo András Kovács, Lukács è sollecitato ad esprimere un giudizio su Trockij. A tal fine egli evoca una formula già utilizzata da Lenin in un dialogo con Gor’kij: «Trockij cammina con noi, ma in realtà non fa parte di noi». Dalle poche ma significative lettere che compongono l’epistolario tra Lukács e Anders, l’immagine che del secondo offre il primo potrebbe essere icasticamente resa attraverso il capovolgimento di tale giudizio. Secondo Lukács quindi Anders (...) «non cammina con noi», non fa cioè parte di alcuna forza politica organizzata ispirantesi al socialismo, ma «fa parte di noi», è cioè tra coloro che con più energia si oppongono alla «Entfremdung» contemporanea. Obiettivo del presente contributo è legittimare tale tesi interpretativa attraverso una discussione critica dei nodi essenziali del loro epistolario. (shrink)

O artigo é um ensaio teórico com o propósito de discutir as implicações do conceito de trabalho, na perspectiva do filósofo húngaro György Lukács, no campo da política educacional. Em tempos em que a educação brasileira se distancia de um projeto de emancipação do indivíduo, dadas as configurações que vem assumindo as políticas educacionais nos últimos anos, particularmente as políticas curriculares para o ensino médio, parece apropriada a análise do trabalho em sua matriz ontológica, estabelecendo uma estreita correlação entre subjetividade (...) e objetividade. São tratados no decorrer do texto: o conceito de trabalho na ontologia lukacsiana e sua diferenciação entre trabalho abstrato – como mantenedor do Capital – e trabalho fundante – como definidor da natureza ontológica do ser social – em correlação com o campo da política educacional, em especial, com alguns princípios que regem a atual reforma do ensino médio elencados para tratar aspectos da política educacional brasileira que estão à serviço do trabalho abstrato. Palavras-chave: György Lukács. Trabalho fundante. Política educacional. Reforma do Ensino Médio brasileiro. (shrink)

1. The most important aspect of touch is its relation to time and space, a relation which is established by the movement of touching itself. Referring to the ideas of E. Straus, the distinction between touching and being touched is elaborated in light of experiments done by us with animals. 2. Touching is: being in one's own limits and at the same time going beyond these limits, a situation in which the touched object is felt at the same time as (...) a "Gegenstand" and as "Mit-seiend." "Pour le tactile, c'est l'être à deux qui se place au premier rang" . The awareness of being by the sense of touch is particularly poignant in the case of touching oneself, which is an exceptional unity of the active and the passive state of mind. 3. The tactile recognition of form also presents a dialectic of activity and passivity, a dialectic which takes place in the form of a development which conquers time, and this after a scheme produced during the act of grasping itself. We refer to the studies of V. von Weizsäcker on the "Gestaltkreis." We must also remember the basic restlessness of the hand, which becomes lasting in the play of the hand with an object. 4. The hand can hold an object. In doing so a schematic tactile image is given, an image which functions as a hypothesis or as an organizing principle of the proleptic development of further tactile exploration. The phenomenological analysis of touch with the hand appears as a prefiguration of thought by synthetic judgments. Thus, it is true, as Herder remarked, and as Gold-stein and Merleau-Ponty confirmed, that perception by man and spiritual existence are identical. 5. Referring to the research of Révèsz and Palagyi, the real nature of the tactile world is anlyzed. Tactile exploration is done according to a real development, during which take place anticipatory and retrospective determinations which assure the continuity of the event and its meaning. Tactile perception permits description of the continuous unity of the discontinuous phases which we can state objectively "as if" expectation and memory, preliminary judgments and their checking, conceptual fixations and corrections had been put to work. 6. Important is the affective and emotional aspect of tactile impressions and their connection with inter-human relationships. 7. By touch, man establishes in a "feeling" way a personal relationship with the matter of things, which is hidden to the distance senses. This participation has a double aspect. It is like the birth of a "mood," of a "Befindlichkeit," but at the same time it is the active point of departure of a "feeling," of an "understanding," of an "inner grasp," of a being moved, of a being struck by the touched object which is then in our presence as a real "quale," as a material object, as a being in itself. We remember the proper nature of the caress, by which the "being together" of the caressed object complements that of the active caresser. The usual concepts by means of which, in practical and gnostic life, the most important tactile qualities are indicated intend to refer us to the characteristics of the things which take up space in the geometric world and in objectively measurable space, and on which is founded our natural orientation. We remember von Hornborstel's research on the intermodal characteristics of tactile impressions. These show us how a "knowledge" which accompanies perception can change an impression of feeling. The affective relationship, determined by a shaded "knowledge" and by a system of values, changes tangible reality, the substantiality of the body, of the "flesh." This affective change of matter, this "phenomenal transsubstantiation," easily becomes a reality in connection with objects of which we know that they belong or did belong to someone. The meaning which a thing has changes the matter of the object, an object which precisely by the touch is present "in the flesh." This is illustrated more precisely by the phenomena of fetishism, and by simple experiences of daily life. If we look for an anthropological point of view from which touch, of which the hand realizes the point of view will have to be attempted starting from the unimaginable certitude that the ontological unity of nature and spirit is in man the reality of a possible participation, a participation which, in our existence, is only indicated. The "restlessness" of the hand, never fulfilled and always searching, which we noted, is the human token of our concrete existence. Thus touch shows us what Valery remarked about the mind: "The mind is at the mercy of the body, as the blind are at the mercy of the seeing.". (shrink)

O presente artigo pretende realizar, dentro das suas limitações, uma análise crítica da interpretação de György Lukács dos aspectos fundamentais da Ontologia Fundamental de Martin Heidegger. Na obra que analisaremos, recentemente traduzida ao Português como A Destruição da Razão, encontra-se um laborioso trabalho de crítica à história da metafísica. Ser e Tempo, que na história da filosofia possui ambições com pouca semelhança, junta-se àqueles textos que mais ganham atenção na avaliação feita pelo pensador marxista. Assim, fazendo alusão ao movimento de (...) Destruktion, o artigo pretende colocar em jogo a primeira parte da crítica à ontologia hermenêutica heideggeriana e verificar contrastivamente os problemas mais fundamentais dessa recepção quanto à compreensão do paradigma fenomenológico. Dessa forma, verificando a ontologia lukacsiana do Ser-Social, que na obra é situada como um esboço ainda em sua primeira elaboração, este trabalho tem a pretensão de dar início ao exame da consistência ontológico-filosófica da crítica. (shrink)

1. L'aspect le plus important du toucher est sa relation au temps et à l'étendue, relation constituée par le mouvement même du toucher. En référence aux conceptions de E. Straus, on expose la distinction entre le toucher et l'être-touché à la lumière d'expériences faites par nous avec des animaux. 2. Le toucher est un être-dans-les-limites-propres et en même temps un franchissement de ces limites, être par lequel l'objet touché est éprouvé à la fois comme „Gegenstand” et comme „Mitseiend”. „Pour le (...) tactile, c'est l'être à deux qui se place au premier rang.” L'affirmation de l'être par le sens du toucher est saisissante dans le cas du se-touchersoi-même, qui est une union exceptionnelle d'activité et de passivité. 3. La reconnaissance tactile de la forme présente elle aussi une dialectique d'activité et de passivité, dialectique qui procède sous la forme d'un développement surmontant le temps, et cela à partir d'un schéma produit dans l'acte même de préhension. On renvoie aux études de V. von Weizsäcker sur le „Gestaltkreis”. Il faut se rappeler aussi l'inquiétude primaire de la main, qui dans le jeu de la main avec un objet devient perdurante. 4. La main peut enserrer un objet. En ce faisant une image schématique tactile est donnée, image qui fonctionne comme hypothèse ou comme principe organisateur du développement prolèptique de l'exploration tactile ultérieure. L'analyse phénoménologique du toucher avec la main se révèle comme une préfiguration de la pensée par jugements synthétiques. Il est donc vrai, comme le remarquait Herder et comme le confirmaient Goldstein et Merleau-Ponty, que la perception telle que l'homme l'effectue et l'existence spirituelle sont identiques. 5. En se référant aux recherches de Révèsz et de Palagyi, on analyse le caractère propre du monde tactil. L'exploration tactile procède selon un véritable développement, donnant lieu à des déterminations anticipatives et rétrospectives qui assurent la continuité de l'événement et de son sens. La perception tactile permet de décrire l'unité continue des phases discontinues objectivement constatables, „comme si” attente et souvenir, jugements provisoires et vérification, fixations conceptuelles et corrections étaient mises en œuvre. 6. Important est l'aspect affectif et émotif des impressions tactiles et leur rapport aux relations interhumaines. 7. Par le toucher l'homme se trouve d'une manière „sensible” en relation personnelle avec cette matérialité des choses qui demeure cachée aux sens-à-distance. Cette participation a un double aspect. Elle est comme le surgissement d'un „état d'âme”, une '‚Befindlichkeit”, mais en même temps elle est le point de départ actif d'un sentir, d'un „comprendre”, d'un „saisir par le dedans”, d'un être-ému, d'un être-frappé par l'objet touché qui se rend présent comme un „quale” propre, comme une matière, comme un être-en-soi. On rappelle le caractère propre du caresser, par lequel l'„être à deux” de l'objet caressé devient complémentaire avec celui du caressant actif. Les concepts usuels par le moyen desquels, dans la vie pratiquement et gnostiquement vécue, sont indiquées les qualités tactiles les plus importantes, ont comme but de nous référer aux propriétés des choses qui prennent place dans le monde géométrique et dans l'espace objectivement mesurable et qui fondent notre orientation naturelle. On rappelle les recherches de von Homborstel au sujet des propriétés internodales des impressions tactiles. Celles-ci nous montrent comment un „savoir” qui accompagne ta perception peut changer une impression sensible. La relation affective, déterminée par un „savoir” nuancé et par un système de valeurs, change la réalité tangible, la substantialité du corps, de la „chair”. Ce changement affectif de la matière, cette „transsubstantiation phénoménale” peut se réaliser facilement par rapport à des objets dont nous savons qu'ils appartiennent ou ont appartenu à quelqu'un. La signification qu'a une chose change la matière de l'objet, objet qui, précisément par le toucher, se rend présent „en chair et en os”. On illustre ceci avec plus de précision grâce aux phénomènes du fétichisme et grâce à de simples expériences de la vie courante. Si nous cherchons un point de vue anthropologique à partir duquel le toucher, dont la main réalise les possibilités, peut prendre un sens, une approche d'un tel point de vue devra s'effectuer à partir de la certitude non-représentable que l'unité ontique de la nature et de l'esprit est dans l'homme la réalité d'une participation possible, participation qui, dans notre existence, n'est qu'indiquée. L'„inquiétude” de la main jamais remplie et toujours chercheuse que nous avons remarquée, est le signe humain de notre existence concrète. Ainsi le toucher nous montre ce que Valéry remarquait à propos de l'esprit : „L'esprit est à la merci du corps, comme les aveugles sont à la merci des voyants.”. (shrink)

Growing concern has been expressed that we have entered a “post-truth” era in which each of us willfully believes whatever we choose, aided and abetted by alternative and social media that spin alternative realities for boutique consumption. A prime example of the belief in alternative realities is said to be acceptance of “conspiracy theories”—a term that is often used as a pejorative to indict claims of conspiracy that are so obviously absurd that only the unhinged could believe them. The epistemological (...) standard often involved in this indictment, however—the standard of “obvious” falsity—invites subjectivity in its application, because what is obviously false to one person can be common sense to another. This is not just a truism; considerable research suggests that people’s political beliefs, in general, and their acceptance or rejection of conspiracy theories in particular, tends in large part to be determined by partisan, ideological, and other priors. (shrink)

O ARTIGO ACOMPANHA A IMPORTÂNCIA E A SIGNIFICAÇÃO DO CONCEITO DE IRONIA ROMÂNTICA NAS OBRAS DE JUVENTUDE DE GYÖRGY LUKÁCS. AO COMPARAR OS CONCEITOS DE IRONIA E DE TRÁGICO, E SUAS FIGURAÇÕES ARTÍSTICAS, LUKÁCS ABORDA ALGUNS DOS PRINCIPAIS PROBLEMAS ESTÉTICOS DO INÍCIO DO SÉCULO XX, COMO O DAS DIFERENÇAS HISTÓRICAS ENTRE OS GÊNEROS LITERÁRIOS E O DAS RELAÇÕES ENTRE FORMA E FILOSOFIA, ARTE E VIDA.

O artigo busca esclarecer a distinção fundamental entre a positividade ontológica da objetivação e da alienação segundo György Lukács e a negatividade intrínseca a estes conceitos entre uma enorme gama de pensadores. Para tanto, o artigo toma por eixo as diferenças entre o filósofo húngaro e Hegel, que postulou de forma clássica a negatividade dos momentos da alienação e da objetivação.This article aims to clarify the fundamental distinction between the ontological positivity of objectivation and alienation according to György Lukács and (...) the intrinsic negativity of these concepts among an enormous series of writers. To do so, the article focuses, on this particular, between the Hungarian philosopher and Hegel, who set the classical prototype of the negative concepts of alienation objectivation. (shrink)

Richard Heersmink argues that self‐narratives are distributed across embodied organisms and their environment, given that their building blocks, autobiographical memories, are distributed. This argument faces two problems. First, it commits a fallacy of composition. Second, it relies on Marya Schechtman's narrative self‐constitution view, which is incompatible with the distributed cognition framework. To solve these problems, this article develops an alternative account of self‐narratives. On this account, we actively connect distributed autobiographical memories through distributed conversational and textual self‐narrative practices. This account (...) enhances our understanding of the memory–narrative nexus and has implications for philosophical conceptions of self. (shrink)

Questo articolo intende brevemente analizzare le caratteristiche che la forma del saggio ha assunto all’interno del pensiero del giovane György Lukács, del primo Walter Benjamin e di Theodor W. Adorno. Per tentare di individuare la specificità dei singoli approcci mi sono concentrato su un singolo punto: la funzione centrale che il saggio acquista entro le più generali relazioni che intercorrono tra particolare e sistema. I risultati sono particolarmente interessanti poiché, a fronte di un sostanziale accordo sulla diagnosi iniziale, i tre (...) autori propongono soluzioni anche diametralmente opposte. A partire infatti dal consenso sull’impossibilità di ignorare la frattura prodottasi tra mondo e totalità, se Lukács si appella alla forma del saggio quale unica possibilità di riconnettere i due poli ormai distanti, risolvendo di conseguenza il particolare nel sistema, Adorno la intende invece come la sola forma adeguata ad esprimere l’insormontabilità della frattura. L’articolo si conclude dunque mostrando come solo il saggismo proprio del platonismo a sfumature messianiche di Benjamin sembri tentare di soddisfare le esigenze di entrambe le parti, l’autonomia del trascendente e la salvazione dell’immanente. (shrink)

This is the first full-length survey of current work which examines the compatibility of microeconomics and macroeconomics. Its particular distinction is that it makes accessible, to non-specialists, those extensive modern refinements of general equilibrium theory which are linked to macroeconomics and monetary theory. Part I traces the development and interlocking nature of two scientific research prgrams, macroeconomics and neo-Walrasian analysis. The five chapters in this part examine general equilibrium theory, Keynes' contribution, the 'neoclassical synthesis', and the Clower–Leijonhufvud contributions to questions (...) of systemic coordination. The four chapters of Part II place recent work on the micro-foundations of macroeconomics within a taxonomic scheme of Walrasian equilibrium, Walrasian disequilibrium, Edgeworthian equilibrium, and Edgeworthian disequilibrium. Part III, a single chapter, provides an overview of the subject and ventures some conclusions. (shrink)

Victoria’s Voluntary Assisted Dying Act 2017 (Vic) became the first state law to permit VAD in Australia under limited circumstances from June 2019. Before this, many palliative care physicians relied on the doctrine of double effect (DDE) to justify the use of pain relievers for terminally ill patients that were known to hasten death. The DDE claims that there is a morally significant difference between intending evil and merely foreseeing some bad side-effect will occur as a result of one’s actions. (...) This article argues that the legacy of the DDE is promoting inequitable access to VAD in Victoria due to the assumption that death represents an “evil” for the patient and that the intentions of physicians providing VAD cannot be trusted. The latter claim relies on two common objections to the DDE: the risk of “purifying the intentions” and the issue of “closeness” when evaluating moral acts under this theory. (shrink)

We argue that the trend toward providing users with feasible and actionable explanations of AI decisions—known as recourse explanations—comes with ethical downsides. Specifically, we argue that recourse explanations face several conceptual pitfalls and can lead to problematic explanation hacking, which undermines their ethical status. As an alternative, we advocate that explanations of AI decisions should aim at understanding.

Recent national calls for ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) research to “assess and address how ethical, historical, social, economic, legal, regulatory, socio-cultural, and contextual...

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform many aspects of scholarly publishing. Authors, peer reviewers, and editors might use AI in a variety of ways, and those uses might augment their existing work or might instead be intended to replace it. We are editors of bioethics and humanities journals who have been contemplating the implications of this ongoing transformation. We believe that generative AI may pose a threat to the goals that animate our work but could also be (...) valuable for achieving those goals. In the interests of fostering a wider conversation about how generative AI may be used, we have developed a preliminary set of recommendations for its use in scholarly publishing. We hope that the recommendations and rationales set out here will help the scholarly community navigate toward a deeper understanding of the strengths, limits, and challenges of AI for responsible scholarly work. (shrink)

Although the technology for telemedicine existed before the Covid‐19 pandemic, the need to provide medical services while minimizing the risk of contagion has encouraged its more widespread use. I argue that, although telemedicine can be useful in certain situations, physicians should not consider it an adequate substitute for the office visit. I first provide a narrative account of the experience of telemedicine. I then draw on philosophical critiques of technology to examine how telemedicine has epistemic and ethical effects that make (...) some of the goods of medicine unavailable. Telemedicine rules out an embodied encounter between physician and patient, in which the sense of touch has special importance. The individualized attention facilitated by the in‐person visit may better sustain a caring physician‐patient relationship. Physicians should criticize attempts by administrators, insurers, or other parties to incentivize the wholesale replacement of traditional office visits with telemedicine. (shrink)

When Jesus meets the Samaritan Woman at Jacob’s well in John 4, it is a meeting between two colonial subjects in the Roman Empire. In this encounter we find the Samaritan Woman as a triply marginalised body, a woman subject to multiple, intersecting forms of oppression within her patriarchal context. Identified as a Samaritan Woman, Jewish rabbis regarded her as unclean, impure, and being menstruous from birth. It can also be deduced that she is an outcast in her own society (...) because she comes to draw from the well at noon, the hottest part of the day when people did not usually fetch water. This Samaritan Woman is nameless, landless and powerless in an imperial, colonial and patriarchal context. The poem of Diana Ferrus, I’ve come to take you home, in memory of Sarah Baartman, highlights how Baartman was dehumanised and treated as a sexual object by European colonisers. Through a postcolonial reading of John 4, I consider the intersections between the Samaritan Woman and the early life of Sara Baartman in their respective colonial contexts and invite the reader, as the poem invites Baartman, to come home to Africa and resist Western European imperial and colonial patterns and tendencies.Contribution: This article has interdisciplinary implications. This is an interdisciplinary study in the sense that it offers a biblical interpretation of John 4 that is informed by the life of Sara Baartman that has been uncovered through anthropology, history and sociology. It is also integrating the field of postcolonial biblical hermeneutics with the theory of intersectionality. (shrink)